Poverty Inequality Poverty And Income Inequality

Poverty Income Inequality How do we balance the assistance we give the poor but do not discourage work? The labor markets which determine how much workers are paid do not take into consideration how much a family really requires to pay for all expenses like health care, clothes, food, housing, and transportation. The labor markets actually create inequalities of income and as a result create issues leading to poverty. Poverty is measured by the U.S. Census Bureau as a direct result of the Office of Management and Budget s (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 14. The Census Bureau uses thresholds that vary by size and composition of families to determine levels of poverty. To sum it up, if a families total income is less than the set†¦show more content†¦There are some economists who advocate for a national poverty line and still other economists who think that the poverty line should be adjusted for the twenty-first century, due to the various government assistance programs whose value are not currentl y taken into consideration when determining the poverty line. In addition to the poverty line we must consider the implications that the safety net programs and the poverty trap set for those that fall below the poverty live. Poverty Trap and Safety Net Programs Another way to balance assistance and not discourage work is to consider the poverty trap and the governmental safety net programs available to assist those below the poverty line. The poverty trap is found when a group within a society are provided with the basic necessities of living such as food, housing, healthcare, and income to name a few. This assistance becomes problematic when the people have reduced incentive to work due to the benefits of the assistance programs. When a person can have more disposable income when they do not work because the amount of assistance is reduced equally by the amount of money gained by working. Some of the more common safety net programs, in the U.S., are TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families), EITC (Earned Income Tax Credit), SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program), and Medicaid, all of which are designed to help bring people aboveShow MoreRelatedIncome Inequality And Poverty989 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Income inequality has no necessary connection with poverty, the lack of material resources for a decent life, such as adequate food, shelter, and clothing. A society with great income inequality may have no poor people, and a society with no income inequality may have nothing but poor people† - Robert Higgs. When people think of income inequality they picture poverty and people not having basic necessities. However income inequality is not just a connection to the poor. Income inequality is stronglyRead MorePoverty And Poverty : America s Income Inequality1127 Words   |  5 Pagesrepeatedly in reference to America’s income inequality. Though ironic, it comes as no surprise that America, a continent that easily trumps other countries in terms of wealth would be affected by the issue of poverty at such high levels. While much has said regarding the poverty levels, many economists, educators and scholars feel that the income inequality in America may be the reason why it is difficult to l ive and maintain a middle class lifestyle or to rise out of poverty into the middle class in theRead MoreMarket Failure Poverty and Income Inequality1968 Words   |  8 PagesMarket Failure: Poverty and Income Inequality Donna Butler South University Online ECO2071 Principles of Micro-Economics Week 5, Assignment 1 Professor Brandt May 29, 2015 Market Failure: Poverty and Income Inequality Every country in the world needs basic information on the residents that live there. This information is needed for planning, for development and for trying to improve the quality of life for those residents. 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In conjunction such liabilities not only necessitates the examination of fiscal and structural reforms but also the international trendsRead MoreImproving Rural Poverty And Level Of Income Inequality1100 Words   |  5 Pages3.4 Data Analysis This section discusses the approaches used in augmenting the conventional household income accounts with incomes from CF, how these incomes do influence rural poverty and level of income inequality. 3.4.1 Income accounting Since our focus is primarily on forest resources (rather than the entire set of environmental resources), we attempt to account for consumptive forest products that households generate from forests such as timber, fuel wood, fodder, farm implements, constructionRead MorePoverty Inequality And Poverty And Inequality875 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant concepts which are poverty and inequality. Both inequality and poverty have mainly negatives impacts in the society therefore, it is almost a prerequisite to have an understanding of both for the sake of reduce them accurately. The first purpose of the essay is to give a thorough understanding of what poverty and inequality are. The second purpose is to display some similarity between poverty and inequality. Poverty Primarily, a simple definition of poverty is highly questionableRead MorePoverty in the U.S.961 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle in the Economist, the US currently boasts the highest post-tax level of income inequality of any high-income country in the world (Economist 2013). The nations Gini Coefficient – a measure of wealth inequality – currently stands at .42, well above that of other nations such as Switzerland and Sweden, which have Gini Coefficients of .31 and .33 respectively. Unfortunately this high level of income and wealth inequality is growing. Between 1979 and 2011, American earners in the top one percent sawRead MoreEconomic and Social Costs of Inequality in Australia785 Words   |  4 Pagessocial costs and benefits of inequality in distribution of income in Australia. Income inequality describes the extent to which income is distributed unevenly among residents of an area. High levels of inequality indicate that a small number of people receive most of the total income, and that most people receive only a small share of the total. There are many advantages and disadvantages associated with the inequitable distribution of income. Income inequality can lead to an increase in theRead MoreGlobalization Is Not A New Concept1465 Words   |  6 Pagescalled â€Å"Globalization and the Least Developed Countries: Potentials and Pitfalls† that Globalization has become one of the most emotional word like communism or capitalism. In some simple language the impact or importance of globalization on poverty and inequality can be explained in many ways. As Globalization is important part of world economy and because of this world economy is changing rapidly. Economists define it as the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital across borders. GlobalizationRead MorePublic Economics1471 Words   |  6 Pagesrespect to inequality and poverty how does Ireland compare to other Western industrialized countries? | Padraig Mc Govern | | 08604070 | 3/9/2012 | Lecturer: Professor Eamon O Shea Course code: 4BCM1 Introduction The following essay will compare Ireland with respect to inequality and poverty to the United States and the United Kingdom. I will use the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in order to analyse their position in the world’s economy; identify how to measure poverty; the main

Being Gay and Elderly in Toronto Free Essays

string(32) " have committed an abomination\." According to Peter Sprigg, author of â€Å"Gay Marriage Questions,† there are two reasons a civil marriage should not be granted for gay couples. One is that since they are relationships and not marriages, they should not be granted. Sprigg says that in order to have a marriage, there must be a union of a man and a woman, not a man and a man. We will write a custom essay sample on Being Gay and Elderly in Toronto or any similar topic only for you Order Now Traditional intercourse cannot take place with two men involved. The second one is that these type relationships are harmful. They do not provide the same benefits as a marriage between a man and a woman, and their consequences are far more negative than positive. (www. nogaymarriage. com/gaymarriagequestions. html) Either way, it’s looked at, even with the evidence standing alone, it is enough to not accept the claim that gay couples should be able to legally marry. The first argument is that marriage is an institution that predates the law and the Constitution. Marriage is sociological, not legal. Laws relating to marriage just acknowledge and keep in tact an institution that is already in existence. However, some people believe that marriage is a way of recognizing couples who are in love with each other. With that being said, they want to spend the rest of their lives together. Consider this. According to Sprigg, love and companionship were sufficient to define marriage, then there would be no reason to deny â€Å"marriage† to unions of a child and an adult, or an adult child and his aging parent, or to roommates who have no sexual relationship. Most people think that the sexual element is what defines a marriage. However, marriage is so much more than that. According to Webster, marriage is a mutual relationship between husband and wife; the institution whereby men and women are joined in a special kind of social and legal dependence for the purpose of founding and maintaining a family. Anthropologist Kingsley Davis says that marriage is â€Å"the unique trait of what is commonly called marriage is social recognition and approval†¦of a couple’s engaging in sexual intercourse and bearing and rearing children. † The question was raised, are married couples without children really in a marriage? If gay couples are denied to marry, shouldn’t straight couples without children be denied also? According to what Sprigg had to say concerning marriage and children, this would make sense, would it not? Not necessarily. If a couple wants children, and for some reason cannot have them, it is not their fault. A couple who decides not to have children may change their minds. At any rate, childless marriages are still acknowledged because if not, it would be an invasion of a heterosexual couples privacy to require that they show intent to bear children, or the ability to have children. So, what is the real purpose of marriage? Anthropologist Kingsley Davis says that a marriage’s purpose is to socially recognized and approved to engage in sexual intercourse and bear and rear children. Another marriage scholar, Maggie Gallagher says that â€Å"marriage across societies is a public sexual union that creates kinship obligations and sharing of resources between men, women, and the children their sexual union may produce. The mere biological conception and birth of children are not enough to make sure that reproduction of a healthy and successful society. Paul Nathanson, the homosexual scholar says that there are at least five functions that marriage serves—things that every culture must do in order to survive and thrive. They are: 1. Foster the bonding between men and women 2. Foster the birth and rearing of children 3. Foster some form of healthy masculine identity 4. Foster the bonding between men and children 5. Foster the transformation of adolescents into sexually responsible adults Maggie Gallagher puts it more simply, saying that â€Å"children need mothers and fathers† and â€Å"marriage is the most practical way to get them for children. Actually, when you look at it, homosexuals already have the right the right to marry just like anyone else. When applying for marriage licenses, the application does not ask for a person’s sexual orientation. Now, the freedom of homosexuals to marry is another story. Their marriage, just as any marriage stipulates that any person is legally sanctioned from marrying a child, a close blood relative, a person who is already married, or a person of the same sex. Just because homosexuals have a desire to marry, does not make it right or legal anymore than the desires of other tiny (but less vocal ) minorities of Americans gives them a right to pedophilic â€Å"marriages†, â€Å"incestuous marriages,† or polygamous â€Å"marriages. † Some feel that prohibiting same sex marriages is just as discriminatory as interracial marriages. However, that is not valid thinking. The purpose of the law against interracial marriage was to protect the social system of racial segregation, not to protect the nature of marriage. Preserving â€Å"racial purity† was an unworthy goal, certainly not one of the fundamental purposes of marriage common to all human civilizations. One of the arguments against gays is the fact that God is not pleased with that union. According to the Bible, Men should not be lovers of themselves and neither should women. If God said it, then, that settles it. Among all the sins mentioned in the Bible, perhaps none is more disgusting to God than that of homosexuality. God destroyed two cities in the plains of Jordan, called Sodom and Gomorrah, because their wickedness was great (Genesis 13:10-13). The English word, â€Å"sodomy† is a derivative of the word â€Å"Sodom† for the cities were full of the sins of sodomy. Now, with that in mind, how many times are people arrested for sodomizing young children or sodomizing another man? If one can get arrested for sodomizing, then evidently, it would stand to reason, that homosexuality is not right Biblically or lawfully. God created Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve. â€Å"If a man lies with a male as he lies with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination. You read "Being Gay and Elderly in Toronto" in category "Papers" They shall surely be put to death and their blood {shall be} upon them. † (Leviticus 20:13). Homosexuality is not a disease that is inherited or a disease from birth. Homosexuality is a learned behavior, much like lying, stealing, fornication, etc. Those that learn and practice such must stop. 1 Corinthians 6:9 says, â€Å"Do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived. Neither fornicators, nor idolater, nor adulterers, nor homosexuals, nor sodomites, nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners will inherit the kingdom of God. † The homosexuals will not inherit the kingdom of God. They must bring forth fruits worthy of repentance. Now, the purpose of this paper is to argue whether or not same sex marriages should take place in Toronto or anyplace else. Though the Bible or religion is not in question here, there is still the argument of whether gays should be legally married? The scripture clearly states, that this union should not be sanctioned. Consider this. It is not a sin for the color of one’s skin to be white, red, yellow, or lack, and we shouldn’t discriminate against another because of it. However, it is a sin to be a homosexual. It is not a matter of discrimination. It is a matter of right or wrong in the sight of Almighty God. Some say homosexuals are born that way and cannot change. This is another effort of men trying to justify themselves while practicing homosexuality. Homosexuality is condemned from the beginning of time to the end. One of these days, we will have to stand before God and give an account of what was we do to our bodies, smoking, homosexuality, illegal drugs, etc. In Nova-Scotia, two men were married, but they were told, that they could not receive communion, unless they were celibate. These two men, both 69 are now trying to make the decision whether to leave the Catholic Church because now, they must make a choice between their religion and their marriage. They were refused, because Communion wafers are considered the body and blood of Christ. To Catholics, receiving communion is one of the faith’s most sacred rituals. Additionally, they were told that their marriage was a public scandal. Many people wonder why defending marriages and defending the family require different views regarding same-sex unions. In other words, how can a homosexual marriage affect a heterosexual marriage? Well, homosexuals unions often have a more direct impact on heterosexual marriages than we know. For instance, the Boston Globe reported June 29, 2003, that â€Å"nearly 40 percent† of the 5,700 homosexual couples who have entered into â€Å"civil unions† in Vermont â€Å"have had a previous heterosexual marriage. † Children are the ones who suffer the most of homosexual unions because these children grow up without a mother and a father. These children are also products of heterosexual marriages that ended up in divorce or death. These children also face being ridiculed at school and among their peers. The question is will these children, after being exposed to homosexuality in the home, grow up to be gay, or does this help them to choose heterosexuality vs. homosexuality? How do the mothers of these children feel about their now gay ex-husband, having custody or visitation rights? Some would approve it, and some would not. In Toronto, June 30, 2006, (LifeSiteNews. com) – The mainstream media brought to life the phantom of the gay gene theory7 in covering a Canadian study on the origin of homosexuality. â€Å"Homosexuality influenced by biological factors, Canadian researcher says, â€Å"proclaimed the CBC, the first to break the story. This study was regarding sexual orientation of men determined before birth. However, the study was most intriguing for what the mainstream media failed to cover. Namely that, if true, the study suggests that homosexuality is a congenital abnormality, and shares its origins with other disorders developed in the womb. (www. lifesite. net/ldn/2006/jun/06063003. html Westen, John Henry, 2006) Some researchers at Brock University in St. Catherine’s Ontario published a study in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences entitled â€Å"Biological versus non biological older brothers and men’s sexual orientation. The results of this study proved that same-sex sexual orientation is a result from having older brothers, even though the brothers may have not been raised together. To put it simpler, by way of explanation the researchers suggest that same sex relationships result from an immune reaction of the mother to the male child in her womb. â€Å"A theory of male homosexuality is consistent with the present finding that maternal immune response to succeeding male pregnancies,† says the study. If in fact, this study is correct, then the link between the mother’s immune reaction and the child’s future sexual orientation would probably be some effect of maternal anti-male antibodies on the sexual differentiation of the brain. † Dr. John Shea, medical advisor to Campaign Life Coalition, explained to LifeSiteNews. com that the study explains the significance of its findings suggesting that â€Å"the immune response of the mother’s body, damages the sexual differentiation of the brain of the male child in the womb, thus producing an abnormality in the fetus. † In 1998, almost 3. 7 million Canadians were 65 years of age and older. Over the next fifteen years, this number is expected to grow to approximately 5. 9 million. However, it is impossible to tell how many lesbians and gay men live in Canada. However, the numbers of older gay adults are estimated between 296,000 and 370,000, and should incr4ase proportionately to the general older population of the country to between 471,000 and 590,000 people. (Newsletter of the centre for Applied Social research Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Vol. no. 2/Fall/Winter, 2002). Gerontological research has begun to look at the issues pertaining to gay and lesbian seniors only in the late 1970s, and most of these studies in the area have not succeeded in the experience of gay aging from the viewpoint of women, ethnocultural minorities, low-income individuals, and chose not actively involved in the gay and lesbian communities. (Ibid, 2002) In summary, if all studies conducted on whether or not gay marriage should be sanctioned y the church in regard to marriage, the evidence shows and proves that homosexual couples, male or female should not be sanctioned because of the following reasons: 1. An abomination in the eyesight of God 2. In these relationships, the marriage cannot be sanctioned because no union really took place. 3. Children, cannot be born of these marriages, unless they were brought in from a heterosexual marriage. One of the purposes of marriage is to have children. 4. Foster the bond between many women, and a list of other reasons mentioned above. References (www. nogaymarriage. com/gaymarriagequestions. html (Leviticus 20:13, King James Version of Holy Bible) (www. lifesite. net/ldn/2006/jun/06063003. html Westen, John Henry, 2006) (Newsletter of the centre for Applied Social research Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Vol. no. 2/Fall/Winter, 2002). How to cite Being Gay and Elderly in Toronto, Papers

Capital Budgeting Decision an Investment

Question: Discuss about the Capital Budgeting Decision an Investment. Answer: The capital budgeting decision is the evaluation of an investment based on the future returns. The evaluation of an investments potential is done on the basis of various assumptions and variety of factors. The estimated accuracy of future returns and therefore, the accuracy of the investment decisions would to a great extent depend upon the precision with which these factors are forecasted. There are strong reasons to believe that howsoever carefully these factors are forecasted, the actual returns will vary from the estimate. This is technically referred to as risk. Capital Budgeting decision involves two steps first, determination of relevant cash flows and second evaluation of cash flows. The NPV and IRR provide two major parameters for the capital budgeting decisions. NPV where considers the time value of money, IRR provides a compounded rate of return at which the firm will be indifferent between two projects. Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis is a visualizing particularly the way change in the projects various investment factors like the NPV/IRR for a given range of variables. It is an analysis of a projects sensitivity as described by its NPV/IRR to a particular variable. It provides with the reasons to oversee that how sensitive are the parameters to the overall result of the project. Sensitivity analysis takes a number of possible outcomes and estimates the chances of errors while evaluating a project. The sensitivity analysis measures the cash flow estimates based on three assumptions which are mentioned under:- The NPV/IRR of project is calculated under these different assumptions. In most of the cases, the Worst assumption gives the least or negative NPV, the Expected assumption gives a neutral NPV and the Best assumption provides the highest possible NPV. This method of calculating NPV/IRR by evaluating under various estimates is called sensitivity analysis. The actual selection of project under above assumptions however, depends on what is the investors risk appetite. The decision maker could be a risk taker, risk averter or risk neutral. The sensitivity of the NPV provides the investor to take decisions based on his perception for risk under various situations. The more the NPV deviates, the more the variable is risky. It can be normally applied to number of variables, which is a part of input for the cash flows after tax. The one more added name for sensitivity analysis is break-even analysis. The investor is in no profit and no loss situation. Margin of Safety is another important term for break-even analysis. It shows the positive aspects of a project. The more the margin of safety, the more profitable is the project for the investor. One can ask what shall be the consequences of volume or price or cost changes. In capital budgeting decision one more variable i.e. life of the project is also included for sensitivity analysis. In other words, we can say, how much lower (Break even value) can the sales volume or sales price or project life become or how much higher costs (Break even value) can be incurred before the project becomes unprofitable in terms of NPV. Here break-even point means a point where NPV is zero. The decision rule is, higher the Margin-of-Safety (MOS), lesser the sensitivity of the variable. It can be performed on a spreadsheet format to provide easy and timely analysis for decision making.(Southampton, n.d.) Scenario Analysis Scenario Analysis, as the name suggests, is similar to sensitivity analysis in the way it is calculated. However, in practice, the variables on the basis of which a projects sensitivity analysis is done will be interrelated. Based on the interrelated variables, the decision maker can develop some expected scenarios. For example, by reducing unit-selling price, it may be possible to increase volume. This is called Scenario Analysis. Sensitivity analysis is an old and ever accepted measure but in spite of being crude it does not provide the decision maker an insight into more than one estimate of the projects outcome and the variability of the returns. Scenario analysis provides superior results compared to the single future forecast. It gives a more accurate precision about the variability of the returns. However, scenario analysis also has a limitation that the frequencies with which a variable may occur remain undisclosed. To remedy this shortcoming of scenario analysis, sometimes, probabilities are assigned to the possible variables. This gives a more accurate idea of the profit or loss from a given project under various possible situations. The capital budgeting techniques like a projects Net present value, Internal Rate of Return, Profitability Index or Accounting Rate of Return etc. provide us an insight into different projects profitability aspects.(ICAI, 2016). The scenario analysis, thus, brings the capital budgeting outcomes into more detailed versions providing us information about how different projects may perform under various scenarios like when the selling price gets reduced how much the sales volume is needed for profit or when the material costs increases how much the selling price needs to be increased for profit or when the labor availability gets scarce or when the labor gets costly how much more revenue the project needs to earn for required profitability. One of the important variables for analyzing a project is the capital costs required. The capital costs may include buying some machinery, equipment, setting up a plant or incurring the initial expenditure for the project. The capital costs included in a project is one of the significant factors for considering the feasibility of a project. Apart from availability and market factors, one of the important other factor is the absorption capacity of the revenue earned from the project for the amortization costs of the capital outlay. Scenario analysis takes into account all these factors and provides an investor an opportunity to invest his money in most profitable project. Scenario analysis is therefore an important capital budgeting tool and can be used by different investors for different purposes. The Capital Asset Pricing Model is introduced by Jack Treynor, William Sharpe, John Lintner and Jan Mossin and the Capital Market line is introduced by Henry Markowitz in his risk-return assessment articles; provide useful parameters for the portfolio management.(ICAI, 2016) Similarities between two Models: Henry Markowitz in his studies always considers risk as an important factor. Even the smallest investments have to bear some amount of risk. He assumes that there is nothing called as risk free investment from which returns could be earned without bearing any risks. In fact, in real market situation also, investors do shift to risky investments to obtain higher returns. Therefore, the CML gives a straight line depicting various risk-return scenarios. Similarly, the graphical presentation of CAPM expresses the basic theme of the model i.e. the expected return and risk of a security depends on each others frequency, as measured by Beta. This presentation is called Security Market Line (SML). The SML also shows a straight line depicting various scenarios of relationship between risk and return. Both considers risk benefits with risky securities In a Capital Market Line situation, the investor has different options. First is to invest the entire capital in risk free securities. This kind of investment will yield fixed returns with no risk at all. Second option will be to invest the entire capital in the risky securities available in the market which we call as Portfolio M.(ICAI, 2016). This investment will be the riskiest one where expected return will be equal to the anticipated risk of the portfolio. The last option will be to make different combinations of the both the securities i.e. the risk free security and the Portfolio M. In this situation, the investor may further borrow from the market at risk free rate and invest entire amount in the risky securities of market. Alternatively, he may divide the investment based on his risk return attitude. Similarly, the CAPM model also considers combining the return expected from a portfolio into risk free return plus risk premium. As it is seen, an investor will always be ready for more return and bear some risk for earning same. The security risk premium {(Rm-Rf)} can be calculated as the difference between the expected markets return and risk free rate which we multiply by the securitys risk factor.(ICAI, 2016) Both helps in gaining arbitrate benefits Both the CML and CAPM help the investors in gaining arbitrage benefits. The investor when finds it unprofitable for himself in the investment then he may switch to other options available in the given risk-return perceptions. The various risk-return scenarios can be adopted serially or the graph should be revised day after day to get a closer picture of the expected results. The investors in both the models may consider the graphs and update them according to the market situations to gain arbitrage benefits. Differences between two Models: The CML uses Standard Deviation as the measure of risk of various securities. The CML equation(ICAI, 2016), can be read as- Er = Rf + (Rm-Rf) x SDp The CML equation helps in calculating the amount of Portfolio M and risk free security in a portfolio for a given amount of return. Further, there is a thing called slope of CML which shows the rate of relationship between the expected return and risk. The CML means that for differently hedged portfolios, the systematic risk and the unsystematic risk yields the total returns. It believes that all unsystematic risk could be hedged and diversified and systematic risk has to be accepted. Therefore, the slope shows a linear relationship between risk and return. CAPM, on the other hand, provides a structure for calculating the systematic risk of an individual security. The systematic risk only could be related to the portfolio. The CAPM believes that the unsystematic risk can only be eliminated and the systematic risk cannot. Therefore, the returns are the results of systematic risk only. Therefore, while measuring the performance of a portfolio using CAPM the systematic risk is the only risk factor which contributes in earning the desired returns and it should be compensated. It means that greater expected returns accompany higher levels of Beta. Accordingly SML equation(ICAI, 2016), can be written as- Er = Rf + B (Rm-Rf) The CML, as discussed earlier, takes into account both risky and risk free securities and maintains a portfolio of a combination of both. The investor according to his risk appetite decides as to whether he should invest his 100% investment in the risky Portfolio M or he should make a combination of risky and risk free securities to play safe. This risk free and risky combination provides investor with the hedging facility. CAPM however only considers investing in risky securities and doesnt makes a combination of risky and risk free securities. It is based on the assumption that some portion of the portfolio will always be the risk free securities and the return from that part will be constant. Therefore, this model does not use weight factor in its equation. Unsystematic risk has nothing to do with CAPM The CML model uses Standard deviation as the risk measurement factor. Standard Deviation is an absolute measure, which can be applied when the projects are giving same NPV. Thus, it measure both systematic and unsystematic risk. According to the CAPM model, the performance of a security under various circumstances in the comparison of the market portfolio is the measure of the risk. Beta is a measure the systematic risk of a security. It measure how sensitive the price of a stock to market movements. The market portfolio beta factor is 1.0. Bibliography ICAI, 2016. Portfolio Theory. [Online] Available at: https://www.icaiknowledgegateway.org/littledms/folder1/chapter-7-portfolio-theory.pdf[Accessed 22 January 2017]. Southampton, n.d. Spreadshe et Sensitivity Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://www.southampton.ac.uk/~jps7/D8%20website/sensitivity%20analysis.pdf[Accessed 22 January 2017].

Pitfalls Of Relativism Essays - Relativism, Metatheory,

Pitfalls of Relativism The year was 1943. Hundreds of Jewish people were being marched into the gas chambers in accordance with Adolf Hitler's orders. In the two years that followed, millions of Jews were killed and only a fraction survived the painful ordeals at the Nazi German prison camps. However, all of the chaos ended as World War II came to a close: the American and British soldiers had won and Hitler's Third Reich was no more. A certain ethical position would state that the anti-sematic Nazi German culture was neither right nor wrong in its actions. In fact, it is this view of the cultural relativist that assumes all actions considered right in a culture to be good for that culture alone. Moreover, the relativist claims that these actions cannot be judged according to their ethical correctness because there is no absolute ezdard by which they could be compared. In the above case, this position would not allow for the American and British soldiers to interfere with the Nazis; the relativist would claim that the Allies were wrong in fighting the Germans due to a cultural disagreement. In truth, it is the relativist position which has both negative logical and practical consequences, and negligible benefits. The first logical consequence of relativism is that the believer must contradict himself in order to uphold his belief. The view states that all ethics are relative while putting forth the idea that no absolute ezdard of rightness exists. If this is the case, then what is cultural relativism relative to? From a purely logical point of view, this idea is absurd, for in assuming that something is relative one must first have some absolute by which it is judged. Let the reader consider this example to reinforce the point. A young woman is five feet tall, and her older friend is six feet tall. The younger female considers herself short because she looks at her friend and sees that she is taller than her. It would be illogical to say that the first woman is short if she were the only female in existence; if this were the case then there would not be anyone for her to be relative to in height. However, this logical fallacy is what the relativist assumes by stating that there is no ezdard of rightness for relativity. Quite simply, the cultural relativist is stating that he is relative to an absolute which he considers non-existent. One other logical error that the relativist makes lies in his "Cultural Differences Argument.1" The premise of this argument is that "different cultures have different moral codes." The conclusion that the relativist derives is that "there is no objective 'truth' in morality, [and therefore] right and wrong are only matters of opinion [that] vary from culture to culture.2" The main logical problem with this argument is that the stated conclusion does not necessarily need to be the case if the premise is given. The premise states what different people believe to be true, and the conclusion jumps to the assumption that this belief must necessarily be the case. Let the reader consider this inezce, which closely follows the form of the above given argument. Assume that there is a society that believes that sunning as much as possible in the nude can only benefit a person. Due to scientific study, it has been experimentally shown that overexposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays can cause skin cancer. Being in the American culture, people know this to be true and therefore would disagree with sunning too often. According to the relativist, since the two cultures disagree concerning the practice of sunning there is no objective truth about it. However, this is a faulty conclusion because empirical evidence shows that the first culture would be wrong in its beliefs. In truth, one cannot "derive a subeztive conclusion about a subject (morally) from the mere fact that people disagree about it.3" Having discussed the logical consequences of relativism, it is necessary to expound upon the effects of its practice. The first of these repercussions is that the culture determines what is functionally right and wrong. This means that the individual has no say in the matter, and if there is a conflict between

The Good and Bad of the Internet essays

The Good and Bad of the Internet essays The internet has changed our world today in many different ways. Some argue its for the better and some for the worse. Has it made it easier to communicate or has it isolated individuals and disorganized their thoughts. In the essay The Problems with Hypertext the author, David Shenk, feels that the internet has indeed disorganized peoples thought process and isolated them. On the other hand Wendy Lesser tells how she has grown to love the internet and how it has allowed her to communicate with people in her essay The Conversion. Author David Shenk is a firm believer that the internet is not such a good thing. In his essay he supports his stance by stating that there are too many ways to get side tracked when on the internet. Reading gives way to surfing, a meandering peripatetic journey through a maze of threads.(Shenk. Riverside Reader) This is how he feels the internet disorganizes peoples thoughts, one minute they are reading something and the next they are looking ant some pop up add or searching for something else. He also points out that on the internet there is never really an end to things Our stories work best when they have an ending, With hypertext, endings are irrelevant-because no one ever gets to one. (Shenk. Riverside Reader) He also supports his stance by stating that sitting down and reading something can be relaxing , Faster is not always better, (Shenk. Riverside Reader) and Traditional narrative offers the reader a journey with a built-in purpose. (Shenk. Riverside Reader) Shenk takes a more traditional older style of thinking when he points out some of the bad things about the internet. He would rather sit down and relax and slowly read something and not have all the distractions of the internet. In the modern world this is a fleeting view as every second counts and faster is better. ...

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Term Paper Help Term Paper Help Term Paper Help Term paper help of high quality is rare today because most of the custom term paper writing sites hire inexperienced writers from poor countries.   As a result, you get a term paper of poor quality and full of mistakes. is a legal site offering professional paper writing service on any topic and within any deadline.   If you need term paper help, do not hesitate to take advantage of our custom term paper writing services! In addition, our term paper writing guide with tips and samples is absolutely free! Free Term Paper Sample All parents have ways of dealing with children and their behavior other than the physical laying on of hands. These comprise a variety of methods, many of which are identified in our case material. In four families, the customary device employed by the parents was to deprive the children of things or privileges which were much prized. This might mean the withholding of allowances, refusal of permission to play with the other children, absence from the movies, and the like. In ten families, the informants stressed the careful supervision and strict management by the parents, most often by the mother. Such management might be quite pervasive, to the point of being smothering, and was so described in several cases. The comments of the informants about their mothers in these cases are interesting. "She always knew what was going on." "She understood us better than we did ourselves." "Mother was a darned shrewd manager and manipulator." "Mother possessed that fortunate faculty of bringing about a desired result without seeming to use force or being possessive." Akin to the emphasis upon management were the references to the organizing abilities of one or both parents. Illustrative of this was a family with thirteen children. Here the parents stimulated active participation in school, church, and community activities, canalizing the energies of the entire family group in these directions. In addition, a strong sense of family pride was fostered, with the result that two informants from this family insisted that there had been no disciplinary problems in it. Child rearing in this case appears as incidental to the functioning of a well-organized family life. Emphasis upon a parent's capacity for leadership, expressed by the informants in eight families, is perhaps but another way of referring to the type of situation that has just been described. "My mother," writes a member of an intellectual family, "was not only an excellent manager and housekeeper, but she often was the leader in our activities and discussions. Mother was well read, she had a deep sense of understanding, about all kinds of things. True, she could be very critical of our friends, and several times forbade us to associate with persons we brought home. Yet withal, she had great confidence in us, and in turn we trusted her judgment. Term Paper Help Online: Custom Writing If you like the above term paper sample and need professional term paper help, do not hesitate to use our writing services. Our term paper writers are educated.   There is no term paper we cannot write!   There is no deadline we cannot meet!   All custom term papers are delivered with free plagiarism report!

Kant and the critique of metaphysics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kant and the critique of metaphysics - Essay Example The Critique of Pure Reason appeared in 1781, and the two major works such as, the Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (1785) and the Critique of Practical Reason (1787) are the foundation of ethics.The speculative or pure reason sometimes ruled out the role and importance of reason in this guise. Kant's purpose in the Critique of Pure Reason is to establish the scope and power of reason (Kant, 1929). The reason is treated in terms of the 'conditions of possible experience' or the 'conditions of the possible cognition of objects.' The key issue for Kant in the first Critique is the nature and capacity of reason itself. Before we can consider God, however, Kant argues that we must discover the proper scope of reason, as only then can we discover our capacity to deal with the notion of God or anything else. The pure reason is therefore central not only to his view of knowledge, but also to his view of God (Gogan). Moreover, all judgments are either analytic or synthetic, and either a priori or a posteriori in the view of Kant. Analytic judgments are those in which the predicate inheres in the subject or is presupposed by it (Kant, 1929). The order of nature in reason was located by Kant. The reason does for the understanding what understanding does for the manifold of intuition - "the understanding is an object for reason, just as sensibility is for the understanding.†(Kant, KRV, A664/B692). Reason's regulative capacity renders the unconditioned totality of objects systematic. There are three ideas of reason: self, world and God. God is the Ideal of Reason, whose concept aims . . . at complete determination in accordance with a priori rules. Accordingly it thinks for itself an object which it regards as being completely determinable in accordance with principles (Kant, KRV, A571/B599), that is, in accordance with universal a priori cognition. This ideal of the ens realissimum, of the universal concept of a reality in general, is then thought of as contai ning the being of all beings. But as an idea of reason, the ens realissimum is never met with in appearances. The Ideal of Reason does not satisfy the transcendental conditions and so cannot be considered objectively real. As such, Kant holds that the existence of God cannot be proved by speculative reason. Kant argues that there are three, and only three, possible ways in which speculative reason can argue for the existence of God, characterized as the Ideal of Reason. But all fail to prove God's existence (Kant, KRV, A571/B599). Reason, according to Kant's analysis, can attempt to prove God's existence by either an empirical or a transcendental path, both of which involve going beyond the scope of reason to the transcendental concept (Kant, KRV, A590/B618). In the Critique, however, Kant has refined his notion of possibility. He distinguishes between the form of possibility and the matter of possibility. Kant distinguishes this from the 'Ideal of Reason', which supplies the notion of an 'archetype' or individual ground for systematization (Kant, KRV, A699IB727). This too must be seen as only regulative, as it has no content, that is, 'God' does not correspond to the concept of God. It is the regulative ideal of nature that makes possible the unity of nature itself. The Ideal of nature, as regulative, has a purely methodological status. The Critique of Pure Reason, then, moves God out of the realm of ontology and into that of epistemology. The concept of God is involved in cognition, but is merely an analogical image. From the standpoint of speculative reason, God has no objective reality. Yet Kant posits two types of reality, the cognitive and the moral. These two points of view are tied together by reason. The concept of sensation is not simply a negative boundary to stop us

Video games as an art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Video games as an art - Research Paper Example One of the major reasons why some people support the playing of video games is that they assist in the expansion of individuals’ intelligence. This is normally in the case of children whose brain is still growing. Also, some games such as Dance Revolution are advantageous to the kids as they enable them to exercise and have fun at the same time. The supporters of the video games also state that they help in the improvement of coordination and also serve to bring together many people which leads to the making of new friends (Gee 49).   Another major reason why some people support the video games is that they are relaxing and fun to play and some games are considered to be educational as they are either based on situations which occur in individuals’ real life or are based on certain simulations. Lastly, the playing of video games is supported by some people as it ensures the growth of concentration power and makes the participant’s mind to become sporty. In addi tion, some realistic feigning gives learners a chance to experience the outcomes of their decisiveness and consider the solutions decently. Educational computer games have numerous advantages to the students in that learners acquire continuous and contiguous feedback. Learners are able to contain the entire sailing of the game, breaking down Byzantine tasks and this directs or chips in guidelines to learners through diverse steps and game-based tasks. This enables the learner to come up with hypotheses and experimentation.

Library Automation Essay Example for Free

Library Automation Essay An OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog) is an online bibliography of a library collection that is available in certain libraries for the use of the public. With the aid of the Internet, most libraries have made the OPAC accessible from a server to users all over the world. The OPAC is an online database of materials used by a library or group of libraries. Users search the library catalog mainly to locate books and other materials physically located at a library. The concept of OPAC has changed the previous system used in most libraries and how the people have gained access for information and materials. OPAC is also the key to finding books and other materials in the library. When you are looking for a book you will find that knowing to use OPAC properly will help you find the materials that you need. There are a lot of advantages of OPAC. To use the OPAC system is very easy. A person does not have to be a skilled computer user to use the system. What the person need is just to know what a computer mouse is, can use it to point and click, is just all the computer skill a person needs. The access points or search capabilities are by using keyword, subject, author or title to find the materials. It is easy to use since the users just need to enter access point in order to locate any materials in the library. So, students can find books and materials needed easily. It will also save their time. By using this system, the materials that we want to find will become instant information. Moreover, by using the OPAC, the students can find more detailed information about the materials that they need. As such, if the students find the books by typing the author’s name in the OPAC system, the information that possibly will appear on the screen are how many volume the books have or how many number of that books the library have. Besides that, the students can learn something new about technology and modern invention.

The Fall Of The House Of Usher :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgar Allen Poe is one of the greatest poets. He’s scary, weird, and wrote some insane tales. Virtually all of Edgar Allen Poe’s stories concerned themes of human perversity and involve the technique of ratiocination. Most critics believe that â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† reflects both characteristics. I agree, in this short story a man comes to visit his friend Roderick. Roderick and his sister are very ill. Their house is falling apart and this man has come to try to fix it, but that is not what happens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human perversity is basically explained as human will and human corruption. Edgar uses this clearly all through his tale, One that sticks out in my mind is when Roderick Usher buries his sister,, Madeline, in the walls of the house. You can tell she struggled to get out as there was blood on her robe and she was not dead at the time he buried her. I consider this to be human will.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poe also uses corruption in this tale. The idea that Madeline came back to life to take revenge on her brother is corrupted. Then when the Usher House falls down on both Ushers giving Roderick just enough time to get out. This is not so much corruption, but if you look at it in a different way. it could also be human will. Another form of corruption in this story is that all of the Ushers were descendants of each other, which means they were inbreeds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second characteristic that Edgar uses is Ratiocination, which means explanation of justification. In the â€Å"Fall of the House of Usher†, Poe uses explanation at the beginning.

Computer Motherboard (Descriptive) Essay

Motherboard Motherboard acts like the arteries of a human taking the blood all over allowing the blood to travel. It has many line-like structures that are like the veins and the arteries. These lines are the wires mounted on the motherboard that keep thousandths or even millions of connection. Motherboard is a small yet powerful device inside the computer system. The motherboard has three cards on it. First, the graphics card, it is like the eyes of the computer, it acts like the eye that saw and reflects images to the screen. Second, the sound card it is the mouth of the computer, it sends sound to the speaker, it shouts what the computer says. And the third, the modem, the nose of the computer. It sniffs messages from the wires coming from the telephone lines. If there’s a blood, there’s also the heart. The processor of the computer acts as the heart of the computer. It has a square-shaped chip that has many pins. It sits on the motherboard controlling all the cards including the motherboard. It controls, allows, and restricts information that is being disseminated into the system like the heart. It also has a heat sink and a fan keeping the processor cool. To be able to complete the system, it also has the brain. Hard disk serves as the brain of the computer. It is rectangular in shape. Inside it, there’s a mirror-like disk where all the information are stored. The disk spin at greater speed, depending on the information /data is being written into the disk. Motherboard is also consists of chips, transistors, and capacitors. It is the other component of the motherboard that acts like the organs of the system. These chips may be small as a grain of rice and bigger as a coin. Transistor is a small, black in color and rectangular in shape. It is sometimes recognizable because of its three metal legs attached on it. Transistors is consists of thousand or even million of IC (Integrated Circuit) packed in one part. And the capacitors are like tanks attached in the motherboard. It varies in size; it may be small, medium or large depending on the voltage and its capacitance. Motherboard is consists of millions of chips, transistors and IC’s. It acts like the body of the computer. Without it, the computer will not work. It is like the trunk of a tree. It is an amazing thing that has millions of wires attached in a small board. It is powerful and fundamental part that the computer will not work without it. Reference: * Motherboard. Retrieved from http://www. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/motherboard

Comlaw Essay

PC from a local electronics shop, he is making an offer to the shop; which is an invitation to treat. Since the local electronics shop (offered) has had acceptance on Arthur (offer)'s offer, a contract has been formed. Therefore, Arthur has the obligation to pay for the product and the local electronics shop has the obligation to deliver the product.Though, some Issues between these 2 parties' have appeared: The PC was not running, power cable was missing and no manual was provided while Arthur has realized his check used to pay he PC was returned to him by the bank because the computer company's name was spelt Incorrectly on an â€Å"account payee only' check.Since the power cable was mammals, the local electronics shop has obligation to provide that because the local electronics shop and Arthur has formed a contract, If not, the local electronics would be considered as breach of contract: Also, according to the Consumer Guarantees Act 1993, since the PC was not running, the local electronics shop has to repair the PC or refund all reasonable costs incurred in fixing he PC if Arthur required someone else to fix the PC, otherwise the electronics shop would be considered as breach of the Act.On the other hand, Arthur also has also had the obligation to pay for the PC, if not; Arthur has breached the contract as well. Therefore, I would advise Arthur to pay the electronics shop for the PC and collect the PC because he and the electronics shop were legally bind due to the contract. If the electronics shop failed to repair the PC and was unable to provide the power cable after he has paid the check, he should sue the electronics shop.

Amusing the Millions essays

Amusing the Millions essays At the turn of the Twentieth century radical sociological changes and movements began to take hold of the prevailing American culture, and a major factor that contributed to these new changes was the advent of the amusement park. According to John F. Kassons Amusing The Million: Coney Island at the Turn of the century, the amusement park (Coney Islands amusement parks in particular) played a significant role in the shift of attitudes, morals and overall lifestyle of our society. Early in the twentieth century the industrial revolution began to take shape and with this emergence of industrial life, urban cities began to spring up all over the nation and immigrants began to migrate into the U.S. (most of these immigrants were European),as a result of these changes entrepreneurs and members of high society took it upon themselves to provide quality, cultured forms of recreation to catour to this mass industrial culture, these individuals were referred to as the genteel reformers. Individuals such as William C. Bryant, Andrew J. Downing and Henry W. Bellows all advocated more refined types of entertainment, examples of this kind of entertainment would be Central Park and Chicagos Colombian Exposition but the mainstream public was not able to appreciate or recognize the significance of these forms of entertainment so another type of entertainment was established, the amusement park. With the upsurge of the amusement park many dominant ideals and ways of life established in the nineteenth century began to change and began to be overshadowed by new ways of thinking. The new Mass culture craved entertainment where as before the same mass culture craved the more basic things in life. The inhabitants of this new industrial society related well to the amusement parks and in Amusing The Million a point was made that, the loud noises and raucous atmosphere of...

10 Jobs Perfect for People Who Value Freedom and Want to Travel

10 Jobs Perfect for People Who Value Freedom and Want to Travel So you love to travel. The trouble is, you also, you know, have to work most days. Thank goodness it is possible to get paid to travel- oh yes, it is. Travel jobs might not be the easiest to find, but they are out there. Figure out how to earn a salary while traveling the world by checking out a few of these choice job options. 1. ArcheologistFor this, you need to have a passion both for traveling and ancient artifacts. It will require a good deal of schooling, but then you’ll be out in the field as much as you’ll be in a classroom or a lab. So get your Ph.D. or master’s, and start taking those long research trips to keep you going.2. Athletic RecruiterFind a job through a college or professional sports organization and travel the country- even the globe- scouting out talent. Being an avid sports fan is a requisite, as well thriving when you are living on the road and seeing the world.3. English Teacher AbroadYou might take for granted that you speak English, but did it ever occur to you that your natural ability is actually an asset in foreign countries? Find somewhere you really want to go and then figure out how and where you can teach English there. Any required certification is easy to acquire. You can also consider becoming an au pair and caring for children while helping them to learn English.4. Tour GuideEspecially if you’re an extrovert, you can get a job as a tour guide sharing your passion for a foreign place with other travelers. If your memory is good and you learn fast and chat well with people, you’ll be a natural.5. WWOOFLove traveling, the outdoors, and organic produce? Try WWOOF (World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms). You’ll get paid and you’ll be doing something good for the planet and for small farms and your travel will be super ethical, rather than super frivolous or exploitative. Give back!6. Flight AttendantThis seems like a pretty obvious travel-friendly career choice, but it’ s also quite enjoyable and jobs are not that hard to come by. See the world, get paid rather well, and score discounted flights for life! You’ll have to be a people person and put up with some unorthodox hours, but it’s a great way to get around.7. Cruise EmployeeThere are lots of these jobs out there in a wide variety of areas, but lots of people want them. If you do get one of these coveted gigs, you’ll be getting free room and board, and a chance to see some of the most beautiful places on earth.8. YachtieGet paid a great amount of money to work insane hours in some of the most beautiful places in the world. Free room and board, though you’ll be slaving away for almost all of your waking hours. But for the right people, this job is a dream.9. Travel AgentIf you love travel so much that you feel the need to share tips and help people plan their own travels, then why not get paid for it? Plus, you’ll enjoy deep discounts and perks when it comes ti me for your own vacations.10. Travel WriterIt’s not as impossible as you might think to get paid to write about travel. Just remember you’ll have to start somewhere- likely small and unpaid, and work your way up to recognition and compensation. But the more interesting your travels, and the better your writing, the easier a time you’ll have setting up your audience and your career.

Network Infrastructure Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Network Infrastructure Planning - Research Paper Example One of the key computer features of windows SharePoint is its unique and powerful way of executing applications. There are four key execution options; cloud services, websites, mobile services and virtual machines. The mobile services and the web sites for every execution module have options. Windows Azure virtual machines give a multiple purpose state of the art computing environment. It is the best option to solve scalability issues providing low cost administration applications. It facilitates diverse applications, templates and frameworks used to built huge and scalable applications and link them to the website (Londer et al 2009). The development test and operations in a company becomes very efficient with windows SharePoint. The windows Azure mobile services in the same way increases developments of applications running in mobile devices through provision of turnkey ways that stores data virtually ensuring effective authentication of users and forwarding push notification. Wild frontiers can apply these technologies either as a combination or separately to built effective foundation for the right application. Virtual machine as a solution to storage needs The virtual machine building capabilities of windows Azure is very significant. The advantage is the fact that the services are only paid for when it is running. This is referred to as infrastructure as a service. In infrastructure as a service, the company outsources the computing infrastructure to another company which offers infrastructure as a service services. Mostly, the services which are outsourced are those which support the business operations such as servers, storage and networking components. The service providers invest heavily on the computing infrastructure therefore house, maintain and run them. The customer subscriber or pays on what is called per-user basis. This is where the service provider charges for the service which the client gets. Some of the key feature of infrastructure as a s ervice includes: administrative tasks automation, desktop virtualization, dynamic scaling, internet connectivity and utility computing services. The service is called hardware as a service. When creating a virtual machine, the VHD and the size of VM are specified. The user then pays for specific times that the virtual machine is running. Windows virtual machine provides stock VHDs gallery which includes windows server 2012 and windows server 2008 that runs SQL server with Linux mirrors availed by Microsoft which lets the user to create VMS from one’s own VHDs. Windows SharePoint offers various performance benefits. First, virtual machine saves time. This is because by an organization relying on using installed software’s to meet their needs they stand the chance of spending more time procuring, mastering and managing their programs. (Venugopal, Broberg & 2009).) However a business saves time upon adopting cloud since some cloud vendors offer software as a service, henc e an organization is spared the inconvenience of managing their programs. Windows sharepoint can be implemented in various ways. It can be used to built cheap platform for test and development which automatically closes when you finish using them. Application that uses any language and libraries can be built can be created. These applications can implemented any form of data management method provided it is supported by windows Azure. The application can use